Resumo A Amazônia tem se tornado cada vez mais um terreno de intensas e variadas disputas locais e transnacionais. No interior de suas matas, recortadas por miríades de grandes rios, paranãs e igarapés, habitam diversos povos de distintas matrizes étnico-culturais que dela dependem para sua sobrevivência. Este trabalho lança um olhar sobre as formas como alguns grupos locais lidam com questões atribuídas por agendas globais voltadas para a preservação da floresta. Através da relação entre três espécies da fauna e o turismo, busca compreender como esses grupos desenvolvem localmente seus processos de negociação e resolução de conflitos para praticar suas formas de conservação e desenvolvimento. Anos de pesquisa de campo, em duas áreas protegidas da Amazônia Brasileira, proporcionam a reflexão sobre as maneiras como a floresta é habitada e manejada, e revelam as formas como comunidades e instituições negociam interesses conflitantes sobre a conservação e o uso do ambiente.

Abstract The Amazon has increasingly become a terrain of intense and distinct local and transnational disputes. In the interior of its forests, cut by myriads of rivers, inhabit a variety of peoples that depend on it for their survival. This work analyses the ways in which some local groups deal with issues assigned by global agendas focused on the preservation of the forest. Through the relationship between three species of fauna and tourism, it seeks to understand how these groups locally develop their processes of negotiation and conflict resolution to practice their forms of conservation and development. Years of field research in two protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon provide a reflection on how the forest is inhabited and managed, revealing the ways in which communities and institutions negotiate conflicts of interests regarding conservation and use of the environment.

Resumen La Amazonía se ha convertido cada vez más en un terreno de intensas y distintas disputas locales y transnacionales. En el interior de sus bosques, cortados por miríadas de ríos, habitan pueblos de diferentes matrices étnico-culturales que dependen del ambiente para su supervivencia. Este trabajo analiza las formas en que grupos locales tratan los temas asignados por las agendas globales enfocadas en la preservación de la selva. A través de la relación entre tres especies de fauna con el turismo, se busca comprender cómo estos grupos desarrollan localmente sus procesos de negociación y resolución de conflictos para practicar sus formas de conservación y desarrollo. Años de investigación de campo, en dos áreas protegidas de la Amazonía brasileña, brindan una reflexión sobre la forma en que se habita y maneja el bosque, y revelan como las comunidades e instituciones negocian intereses en conflicto sobre conservación y uso del ambiente.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The 18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.

Abstract: Background: Urticarias are frequent diseases, with 15% to 20% of the population presenting at least one acute episode in their lifetime. Urticaria are classified in acute ( ≤ 6 weeks) or chronic (> 6 weeks). They may be induced or spontaneous. Objectives: To verify the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), according to the experience of Brazilian experts, regarding the available guidelines (international and US). Methods: A questionnaire was sent to Brazilian experts, with questions concerning diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for CSU in adults. Results: Sixteen Brazilian experts answered the questionnaire related to diagnosis and therapy of CSU in adults and data were analyzed. Final text was written, considering the available guidelines (International and US), adapted to the medical practices in Brazil. Diagnostic work up in CSU is rarely necessary. Biopsy of skin lesion and histopathology may be indicated to rule out other diseases, such as, urticarial vasculitis. Other laboratory tests, such as complete blood count, CRP, ESR and thyroid screening. Treatment of CSU includes second-generation anti-histamines (sgAH) at licensed doses, sgAH two, three to fourfold doses (non-licensed) and omalizumab. Other drugs, such as, cyclosporine, immunomodulatory drugs and immunosuppressants may be indicated (non-licensed and with limited scientific evidence). Conclusions: Most of the Brazilian experts in this study partially agreed with the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the International and US guidelines. They agreed with the use of sgAH at licensed doses. Increase in the dose to fourfold of sgAH may be suggested with restrictions, due to its non-licensed dose. Sedating anti-histamines, as suggested by the US guideline, are indicated by some of the Brazilian experts, due to its availability. Adaptations are mandatory in the treatment of CSU, due to scarce or lack of other therapeutic resources in the public health system in Brazil, such as omalizumab or cyclosporine.

Abstract: Infantile hemangioma can be linked to other organ malformations. In 1996, PHACE syndrome was first defined as the association of large and segmental infantile hemangioma, usually on the face, head, or cervical region, with malformations of the posterior fossa of the brain, arterial anomalies of the central nervous system, coarctation of the aorta, cardiac defects, and ocular abnormalities. Over 300 cases of PHACE syndrome have been reported, and it is cconsidered one of the most common neurocutaneous vascular disorders in childhood. Knowledge of the features and locations of lesions that imply a greater risk of systemic involvement is crucial for the diagnosis and proper management of PHACE syndrome patients. This review highlights the diagnostic criteria for PHACE syndrome, the imaging workup for extracutaneous involvement, the treatment of infantile hemangioma, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients.

Abstract: Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the third larval stage of nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma. The disease is endemic in some countries around the world. In the American continent, the majority of cases is concentrated in Mexico, Ecuador, and Peru. However, due to increasing traveling either at the intercontinental or intracontinental level, the disease is seen each time more frequently in tourists. Furthermore, countries, such as Brazil, that have never been considered endemic are reporting autochthonous cases. The disease usually presents as a deep-seated or slightly superficial migratory nodule in patients with history of eating raw fish, in the form of ceviche, sushi, or sashimi. Along with the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria include either blood or tissue eosinophilia. In most instances, these criteria are enough for the attending physician to institute therapy. Chances of finding the parasite are low, unless the biopsy is taken from a very specific area that develops after antiparasitic treatment is started. The potential of other organ involvement with more serious consequences should always be kept in mind.

RESUMO: Introdução: A Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) deve ser o primeiro contato do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Contudo dois modelos de atenção operam concomitantemente no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS): a ESF e o modelo tradicional. A expansão da ESF tem sido lenta e heterogênea em muitos municípios, tornando fundamental a condução de avaliações comparativas de atributos relacionados à qualidade dos modelos da APS. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho dos modelos de atenção da APS de acordo com a percepção dos profissionais de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com gestores e profissionais de saúde da APS do município de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. Dados foram coletados por meio do Primary Care Assessment Tool. O desempenho dos modelos foi estimado por meio do Índice de Atenção Primária à Saúde (IAPS geral e específico). Regressão logística politômica univariada foi conduzida para comparação do desempenho dos modelos da APS de acordo com os atributos. A força da associação foi estimada por meio do odds ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Três gestores e 81 profissionais de saúde participaram do estudo. A ESF obteve melhor avaliação do que o modelo tradicional com relação ao IAPS geral e aos atributos vínculo, elenco de serviços, enfoque familiar e formação profissional. Conclusão: A ESF obteve escores superiores aos do modelo tradicional, entretanto ainda não atingiu o seu desempenho esperado. Esse cenário aponta para a necessidade de ampliação da cobertura da ESF e para a melhoria da qualidade das unidades de ESF existentes no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The Family Health Strategy (FHS) should be first-contact care in the Brazilian Health System. However, Primary Health Care (PHC) still encompasses two models: the FHS and the traditional health care facilities. The expansion of the FHS has been slow and heterogeneous in many cities, rendering a comparative evaluation of key quality-related elements of PHC models crucial. Objective: To compare the performance of PHC models as perceived by health professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving managers and health professionals from PHC of a medium-size city in South-eastern Brazil. Data were collected by applying the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The performance was estimated through primary health care indexes (general and partial PHCI by attributes). Univariate polytomous logistic regression was performed to compare care model performances according to their attributes. Strength of association was estimated by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: Three managers and 81 health professionals participated in the study. The FHS had a better index rating than the traditional care model for general PHCI and for the attributes longitudinality, comprehensiveness, family focus and professional level. Conclusion: Although the FHS attained higher scores compared to the traditional model, it has not yet achieved the performance expected. This scenario points to the need for increased FHS cover and quality improvements at the existing units.

RESUMO: Introdução: A Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) deve ser o primeiro contato do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Contudo dois modelos de atenção operam concomitantemente no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS): a ESF e o modelo tradicional. A expansão da ESF tem sido lenta e heterogênea em muitos municípios, tornando fundamental a condução de avaliações comparativas de atributos relacionados à qualidade dos modelos da APS. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho dos modelos de atenção da APS de acordo com a percepção dos profissionais de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com gestores e profissionais de saúde da APS do município de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. Dados foram coletados por meio do Primary Care Assessment Tool. O desempenho dos modelos foi estimado por meio do Índice de Atenção Primária à Saúde (IAPS geral e específico). Regressão logística politômica univariada foi conduzida para comparação do desempenho dos modelos da APS de acordo com os atributos. A força da associação foi estimada por meio do odds ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Três gestores e 81 profissionais de saúde participaram do estudo. A ESF obteve melhor avaliação do que o modelo tradicional com relação ao IAPS geral e aos atributos vínculo, elenco de serviços, enfoque familiar e formação profissional. Conclusão: A ESF obteve escores superiores aos do modelo tradicional, entretanto ainda não atingiu o seu desempenho esperado. Esse cenário aponta para a necessidade de ampliação da cobertura da ESF e para a melhoria da qualidade das unidades de ESF existentes no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The Family Health Strategy (FHS) should be first-contact care in the Brazilian Health System. However, Primary Health Care (PHC) still encompasses two models: the FHS and the traditional health care facilities. The expansion of the FHS has been slow and heterogeneous in many cities, rendering a comparative evaluation of key quality-related elements of PHC models crucial. Objective: To compare the performance of PHC models as perceived by health professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving managers and health professionals from PHC of a medium-size city in South-eastern Brazil. Data were collected by applying the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The performance was estimated through primary health care indexes (general and partial PHCI by attributes). Univariate polytomous logistic regression was performed to compare care model performances according to their attributes. Strength of association was estimated by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: Three managers and 81 health professionals participated in the study. The FHS had a better index rating than the traditional care model for general PHCI and for the attributes longitudinality, comprehensiveness, family focus and professional level. Conclusion: Although the FHS attained higher scores compared to the traditional model, it has not yet achieved the performance expected. This scenario points to the need for increased FHS cover and quality improvements at the existing units.

Abstract: Background: Large congenital melanocytic nevus (LCMN) is considered a risk factor for melanoma, although the magnitude of this risk is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the risk of melanoma development in patients with LCMN seen at a dermatology referral center in Brazil during a twelve-year period. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published similar studies on large congenital melanocytic nevus in South America. Methods: Our prospective cohort included only patients with congenital nevi ≥20cm. The cumulative risk of developing melanoma and the standardized morbidity ratio were calculated for patients followed up prospectively for at least 1 month. Results: Sixty-three patients were enrolled in this study. One patient who developed melanoma prior to enrollment was excluded, and five were eliminated because of insufficient follow-up time. Mean follow-up for the remaining 57 patients was 5.5 years (median 5.2 years). Median age of entry into the study was 2.6 years. Most patients (75.4%) underwent only clinical observation. Melanomas occurred in 2 (3.5%) patients. Five-year cumulative risk for melanoma was 4.8% (95% CI: 1.9-11.5%). Standardized morbidity ratio was 1584 (95% CI: 266-5232, p<0.001). Study limitations: The small sample size reduces the accuracy of risk estimates. Conclusions: This study analyzed prospectively for the first time data from South America demonstrating that patients with LCMN have a higher risk of developing melanoma than the general population (p<0.001).

Abstract: CLOVES syndrome is a rare, newly described, and relatively unknown syndrome, related to somatic mutations of the PIK3CA gene. Clinical findings include adipose tissue overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, scoliosis, and spinal deformities. This report deals with a characteristic phenotype case, highlighting peculiar cutaneous and radiological changes.